Organic Master | Chapter-wise Revision 2026

Reaction Roadmap

Unit 6

Alkane + Cl2/hv R-Cl (Chlorination)

↓

Aq. KOH / Moist Ag2O Alcohol (R-OH)

↓

KCN (Ethanolic) Nitrile (R-CN)

Most Important Reactions

SN1 Mechanism: \(3^o > 2^o > 1^o\) (Stability of Carbocation).

SN2 Mechanism: \(1^o > 2^o > 3^o\) (Steric hindrance).

Finkelstein: \(RX + NaI \to RI\)

Swarts: \(RX + AgF \to RF\) (Special for Fluorides).

Sandmeyer: \(Ar-N_2^+Cl^- \xrightarrow{CuCl/HCl} Ar-Cl\).

Alcohol Roadmap

Unit 7

Alcohols \(\xrightarrow{H_2SO_4, 443K}\) Alkene (Dehydration)

↓

Alcohols \(\xrightarrow{H_2SO_4, 413K}\) Ether (Self Reaction)

⚠️ Temp Matters: Higher temp (443K) = Elimination. Lower temp (413K) = Substitution.

Phenol & Ether Hub

Cumene Method: Isopropyl benzene \(\xrightarrow{O_2, H^+}\) Phenol + Acetone.

Kolbe's: Phenol \(\to\) Salicylic Acid.

Reimer-Tiemann: Phenol \(\to\) Salicylaldehyde.

Williamson: \(RO^- + 1^o RX \to R-O-R\) (2°/3° RX fail/elimination).

Carbonyl Master Roadmap

High Weightage

Stephen's: \(RCN \xrightarrow{SnCl_2/HCl, H_3O^+}\) Aldehyde (RCHO)

↓

Clemmensen: \(Zn(Hg)/HCl\) Alkane (CH2 Group)

↓

Wolff-Kishner: \(NH_2NH_2 / KOH\) Alkane (Strong base)

Key Logic Cards

Etard: Toluene \(\xrightarrow{CrO_2Cl_2}\) Benzaldehyde.

Aldol: Dilute NaOH required (Acidic \(\alpha\)-H).

Cannizzaro: Conc. KOH required (No \(\alpha\)-H).

HVZ: \(R-CH_2-COOH \xrightarrow{X_2, Red P}\) \(\alpha\)-halo acid.

Amine Synthesis Flow

Unit 9

Gabriel Phthalimide Pure 1° Aliphatic Amine

↓

R-NH2 + CHCl3 / KOH R-NC (Isocyanide - Foul smell)

↓

💡 Gabriel synthesis Cannot prepare Aromatic Amines (Aniline).

Basicity & Tests

Hofmann Bromamide: Step down Carbon (Amide \(\to\) Amine).

Carbylamine: Foul odor with 1° Amines only.

Hinsberg's: Benzenesulfonyl chloride distinction.

Basicity: \(2^o > 1^o > 3^o\) (Methyl) | \(2^o > 3^o > 1^o\) (Ethyl).

Glucose Reaction Hub

Structure Evidence

HI (Heat): Proves 6 Carbon straight chain.

NH2OH: Proves Carbonyl group presence.

Br2 / H2O: Proves Aldehyde (Gluconic Acid).

HNO3: Saccharic acid formation.

Proteins & Vitamins

Zwitterion: Dipolar amino acid structure.

Denaturation: Destroys \(2^o, 3^o\) structure, NOT \(1^o\).

Nucleic Acids: Adenine - Thymine (2H), Guanine - Cytosine (3H).

Basicity of Amines

100% Asked

In Gaseous Phase:

\(3^o > 2^o > 1^o > NH_3\)

In Aqueous (Methyl Group):

\(2^o > 1^o > 3^o > NH_3\) (Order: 213)

In Aqueous (Ethyl Group):

\(2^o > 3^o > 1^o > NH_3\) (Order: 231)

Acidity Patterns

Logic Based

Alcohol vs Phenol:

Phenol > Alcohol (Resonance vs No Resonance)

Substituted Phenols:

Nitro (EWG) > Phenol > Methyl (EDG)

💡 EWG increases acidity, EDG decreases it.

Boiling Points

Functional Groups:

Acid > Alcohol > Ketone/Aldehyde > Ether > HC

Branching Effect:

Linear > Branched (Surface Area \(\downarrow\))

1. Acidic Dehydration of Ethanol

Unit 7 | 3 Marks

Step 1: Protonation of Alcohol.
Step 2: Carbocation Formation (Slowest).
Step 3: Loss of Proton to form Ethene.

2. Nucleophilic Addition (HCN)

Unit 8 | Carbonyls

Nucleophile (\(CN^-\)) attacks carbonyl carbon \(\to\) Tetrahedral Intermediate \(\to\) Cyanohydrin.

3. SN1 Mechanism Steps

Formation of Carbocation (Step 1) followed by Attack of Nucleophile (Step 2). Gives Racemic Mixture.

Chain 1: Aromatic Path

5 Marks

(A) Benzene \(\xrightarrow{HNO_3/H_2SO_4}\) (B) Nitrobenzene

↓

(B) Nitrobenzene \(\xrightarrow{Sn/HCl}\) (C) Aniline

↓

(C) Aniline \(\xrightarrow{NaNO_2/HCl}\) (D) Benzene Diazonium Chloride

Chain 2: Aliphatic Path

Step Up

(A) CH3Cl \(\xrightarrow{KCN}\) (B) CH3CN

↓

(B) CH3CN \(\xrightarrow{H_3O^+}\) (C) CH3COOH

↓

(C) CH3COOH \(\xrightarrow{NH_3, \Delta}\) (D) CH3CONH2

Chain 3: Test Based

(A) Ethyl Alcohol \(\xrightarrow{PCC}\) (B) Acetaldehyde

↓

(B) Acetaldehyde \(\xrightarrow{I_2/NaOH}\) (C) CHI3 (Iodoform)

💡 (C) is a Yellow Crystalline PPT.

Resonance Logic

Most Important

Why is Aniline less basic than Ammonia?

Lone pair on N is delocalized into the benzene ring due to resonance, making it less available for donation.

Why is Phenol more acidic than Alcohol?

Phenoxide ion is stabilized by resonance, while Alkoxide ion is NOT.

Electronic Effects

Logic

+I Effect:

Alkyl groups increase basicity of amines in gas phase.

-I Effect:

Halogens increase acidity of carboxylic acids.

Distinction Matrix (1-Click Revision)

Between...	Test Name	Observation
1° vs 2° Amine	Hinsberg's Test	1° PPT dissolves in KOH, 2° does not.
Aldehyde vs Ketone	Tollens' Test	Aldehyde gives Silver Mirror. Ketone NO.
Phenol vs Alcohol	Neutral FeCl3	Phenol gives Violet color. Alcohol NO.
Methanol vs Ethanol	Iodoform Test	Ethanol gives Yellow PPT. Methanol NO.

Conversion Pro-Tips

Count the Carbons! If they increase, use **KCN** or **Grignard**.
Check Functional Group position. Moving a group? Use **Dehydrohalogenation** then Addition.
Need an Acid? Use **KMnO4** on anything.
Need to remove CO? Use **Soda Lime (Decarboxylation)**.

Common Inter-Chapter Links

RX \(\xrightarrow{aq.KOH}\) Alcohol \(\xrightarrow{PCC}\) Aldehyde \(\xrightarrow{KMnO4}\) Acid \(\xrightarrow{NH_3}\) Amide \(\xrightarrow{Br_2/KOH}\) Amine.

Memorize this chain—it solves 50% of conversions!

💎 Presentation Secrets

Draw Structures: Organic me hamesha structure draw karo (Jaise Phenol instead of C6H5OH).
Name the Reagents: Reaction ke niche reactants aur products ke naam likho.
Units Matter: Physical chemistry me final unit ke bina answer adhura hai.

🎯 Priority Chapters

Agar time kam ho, toh pehle ye karo:

Electrochemistry: 9 Marks (Nernst is MUST).

Aldehydes: 8 Marks (Conversions).

Chemical Kinetics: 7 Marks (Half life).

⚠️ The "Don't Forget" List

✔ Mention the catalyst (H+/H2O, dry ether).
✔ Arrow marks in SN1/SN2.
✔ Balancing is NOT required in organic, but products must be correct.

The Step-Up Engine (+C)

\(RX \xrightarrow{KCN} RCN \xrightarrow{H_3O^+} RCOOH\)

\(RMgX + CO_2 \xrightarrow{H_3O^+} RCOOH\)

The Step-Down Engine (-C)

\(RCONH_2 \xrightarrow{Br_2/KOH} RNH_2\)

\(RCOONa \xrightarrow{NaOH/CaO} RH\)

Reagent Cheat List

LiAlH4: The Reducer King.

PCC: The Alcohol \(\to\) Aldehyde specialist.

KMnO4: The Carboxylic Acid Maker.