Chemistry Formula Bible

Every single formula, trend, and reaction from NCERT 2026. Ab ki baar 95+ paar, Ishu! 🚀

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Physical Chemistry: Numerical Powerhouse

Unit 1: Solutions • Unit 2: Electrochemistry • Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics

Unit 1: Solutions

Pure Numericals
🔥 PYQ: Last 3 Years
\(M = \frac{n_B}{V(L)} \quad | \quad m = \frac{n_B}{W_A(kg)}\)
\(\chi_B = \frac{n_B}{n_A + n_B} \quad | \quad \text{ppm} = \frac{W_B}{W_{soln}} \times 10^6\)
\(P = K_H \cdot \chi\)

💡 \(K_H \uparrow\), Solubility \(\downarrow\). Pressure \(\uparrow\), Solubility \(\uparrow\).

\(P_{Total} = P_A^0\chi_A + P_B^0\chi_B\)
Ideal: \(\Delta H_{mix} = 0, \Delta V_{mix} = 0\)
• RLVP: \(\frac{P^0-P_s}{P^0} = i \chi_B\)
• Elevation \(BP\): \(\Delta T_b = i K_b m\)
• Depression \(FP\): \(\Delta T_f = i K_f m\)
• Osmotic Pressure: \(\pi = i CRT\)

⚠️ Van't Hoff (\(i\)): \(i = \frac{\text{Observed}}{\text{Calculated}}\). For NaCl \(i=2\), \(H_2SO_4\) \(i=3\), Urea \(i=1\).

Unit 2: Electrochemistry

Heavy Weight
⭐ 100% Predicted (Nernst)
\(E_{cell} = E^0_{cell} - \frac{0.0591}{n} \log \frac{[\text{Anode}]}{[\text{Cathode}]}\)

💡 At Equilibrium: \(E_{cell} = 0 \implies E^0_{cell} = \frac{0.0591}{n} \log K_c\)

\(G = \frac{1}{R} \quad | \quad \kappa = \frac{1}{\rho} = \frac{G \cdot l}{A} = G \cdot G^*\)
\(\Lambda_m = \frac{\kappa \times 1000}{M}\)

💡 Kohlrausch Law: \(\Lambda_m^0 = \nu_+ \lambda_+^0 + \nu_- \lambda_-^0\)

\(\Delta G^0 = -nFE^0_{cell} = -RT \ln K_c\)
\(w = z \cdot I \cdot t \quad (z = E/96500)\)
\(\frac{w_1}{w_2} = \frac{E_1}{E_2}\)

Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics

Speed Buster
Rate \(= k[A]^x[B]^y\)
\(\text{Order} = x+y\)
Zero Order: \(k = \frac{[R]_0 - [R]}{t}\)
First Order: \(k = \frac{2.303}{t} \log \frac{[R]_0}{[R]}\)
\(t_{1/2} (0^{th}) = \frac{[R]_0}{2k} \quad | \quad t_{1/2} (1^{st}) = \frac{0.693}{k}\)

💡 For 1st order, \(t_{1/2}\) is independent of initial concentration!

\(k = A \cdot e^{-E_a/RT}\)
\(\log \frac{k_2}{k_1} = \frac{E_a}{2.303 R} \left[ \frac{T_2 - T_1}{T_1 T_2} \right]\)

Inorganic Chemistry: Logic & Trends

Unit 4: d & f Block Elements • Unit 5: Coordination Compounds

Unit 4: d & f Elements

Reasoning
\(\mu = \sqrt{n(n+2)} \, \text{BM}\)

💡 \(n\) = unpaired electrons. Transition elements show paramagnetic behavior.

Lanthanoid Contraction: Steady decrease in size from La to Lu. Result: Zirconium (4d) and Hafnium (5d) have almost identical radii.

Color is due to d-d transitions. Ions with \(d^0\) or \(d^{10}\) configurations are usually colorless (e.g., \(Sc^{3+}, Zn^{2+}\)).

\(\text{Chromate} \xrightarrow{H^+} \text{Dichromate}\)
\(\text{Manganate} \xrightarrow{H^+} \text{Permanganate}\)

Unit 5: Coordination

Advanced
CN=4: \(sp^3\) (Tetra), \(dsp^2\) (Sq Planar)
CN=6: \(d^2sp^3\) (Inner), \(sp^3d^2\) (Outer)
\(\text{Octahedral}: t_{2g} (3) \text{ down, } e_g (2) \text{ up}\)
\(\Delta_t = \frac{4}{9} \Delta_o\)

💡 Spectrochemical Series: \(CO > CN^- > en > NH_3 > H_2O > F^- > Cl^- > I^-\)

\(EAN = Z - ON + 2(CN)\)

Structural: Linkage (ligands like \(SCN^-\)), Ionization, Solvate.
Stereo: Geometrical (Cis/Trans), Optical.

Organic Chemistry: Mechanics & Reactions

6: Haloalkanes • 7: Alcohols/Phenols • 8: Aldehydes/Ketones • 9: Amines

Unit 6: Haloalkanes/Arenes

Basic
🔥 PYQ: SN1 vs SN2 Trends

SN1: \(3^o > 2^o > 1^o\) (Stability of Carbocation).
SN2: \(1^o > 2^o > 3^o\) (Steric hindrance/Inversion).

• Finkelstein: \(R-X + NaI \rightarrow R-I\)
• Swarts: \(R-X + AgF \rightarrow R-F\)
• Wurtz: \(2RX + 2Na \rightarrow R-R\)

Chiral Carbon: Attached to 4 different groups.
Racemic Mixture: 50% d + 50% l (Zero net rotation).

Unit 7: ROH & ArOH

Reactivity

ArOH > H2O > R-OH (1°) > 2° > 3°.
Phenol Acidity: Nitrophenol > Phenol > Cresol (EDG \(\downarrow\) acidity, EWG \(\uparrow\) acidity).

• Hydroboration-Oxidation: Gives Anti-Mark Alcohols.
• Grignard: \(HCHO \rightarrow 1^o\), \(RCHO \rightarrow 2^o\), \(RCOR \rightarrow 3^o\).

• Reimer-Tiemann: Phenol \(\rightarrow\) Salicylaldehyde.
• Kolbe: Phenol \(\rightarrow\) Salicylic Acid.
• Williamson: \(RO^- + R'X \rightarrow R-O-R'\) (Best for 1° RX).

Unit 8: Carbonyls & Acids

Heavy Weight

Aldol: Requires \(\alpha\)-H (e.g., \(CH_3CHO\)).
Cannizzaro: No \(\alpha\)-H (e.g., \(HCHO, C_6H_5CHO\)).

Reactivity: \(HCHO > RCHO > R_2CO\). Ketones are less reactive due to +I effect and steric hindrance.

• Clemmensen: \(Zn-Hg/HCl\) (C=O \(\rightarrow\) CH2)
• Wolff-Kishner: \(NH_2NH_2/KOH\) (C=O \(\rightarrow\) CH2)
• Rosenmund: \(H_2/Pd-BaSO_4\) (\(RCOCl \rightarrow RCHO\)).

HVZ Reaction: Halogenation at \(\alpha\)-carbon.
Acidity: EWG like \(F/Cl/NO_2\) increase acidity by stabilizing carboxylate ion.

Unit 9: Amines Dash

Basic Logic
Methyl: \(2^o > 1^o > 3^o > NH_3\)
Ethyl: \(2^o > 3^o > 1^o > NH_3\)

💡 In Gas Phase, order is simply \(3^o > 2^o > 1^o > NH_3\).

• Gabriel Phthalimide: Pure \(1^o\) aliphatic amines only.
• Hofmann Bromamide: Step-down (1 Carbon decreases).

\(1^o\) (Soluble in alkali) | \(2^o\) (Insoluble in alkali) | \(3^o\) (No reaction).

\(C_6H_5NH_2 \xrightarrow{NaNO_2, HCl, 0-5^oC} C_6H_5N_2^+Cl^-\)

Biomolecules: The Chemistry of Life

Unit 10: Carbohydrates • Amino Acids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

Unit 10: Biomolecules

Memorization

• HI: Proves straight chain (n-hexane).
• HCN/NH2OH: Proves Carbonyl group.
• Br2 water: Proves Aldehyde group (Gluconic Acid).
• HNO3: Proves Primary Alcohol (Saccharic Acid).

Zwitterion: Dipolar ion.
Glycine: Only non-chiral amino acid.
Denaturation: Destroys \(2^o, 3^o, 4^o\) structures; \(1^o\) remains intact.

DNA: A-T (2 H-bonds), G-C (3 H-bonds). Sugar is Deoxyribose.
RNA: A, U, G, C. Sugar is Ribose.

Water Soluble: B, C.
Fat Soluble: A, D, E, K.
Deficiencies: A (Night blindness), C (Scurvy), D (Rickets), B12 (Amnesia/Anemia).

✨ Revision Booster: High Volatility

Distinction Tests • Trends • Conversion Masterclass

Distinction Tests (Sure 5 Marks)

Priority 1

3° (Instant turbidity) | 2° (5 mins) | 1° (Heat required).

Aldehydes (+ve) | Ketones (-ve). Forms Silver Mirror.

Gives Yellow PPT. Positive for: Ethanal, Propanone, 2-Alcohols.

Positive for 1° Amines only. Foul smell of Isocyanide.

Physical Trends Summary

Mastertrend

Amide > Acid > Alcohol > Ketone > Aldehyde > Ether > Alkane. (H-bonding pulls the strings!)

Inversely proportional to alkyl chain size. Alcohols/Acids (low C) are soluble due to H-bonding.

🚀 Pro Tools & Board Exam Hacks

Designed to save time and score the extra 5-10 marks! 🔥

🧠 Reasoning Keyword Bank (Why? Questions)

Must Memorize
Zr & Hf same size? Lanthanoid Contraction (poor 4f shielding).
Transition metals show color? Incomplete d-subshell \(\to\) d-d Transitions.
Aniline less basic than NH3? Lone pair delocalized due to Resonance.
p-Nitrophenol more acidic than o? o-Nitrophenol has Intra-molecular H-bonding.
Inert pair effect? Reluctance of s-electrons to take part in bonding.

🗺️ Organic Conversion Roadmap

Conversions
Step Up (Add C): \(RX \xrightarrow{KCN} RCN \xrightarrow{H_3O^+} RCOOH\)
Step Down (Remove C): \(RCONH_2 \xrightarrow{Br_2/KOH} RNH_2\)
Aromatic Hub: Benzene \(\to\) Nitrobenzene \(\to\) Aniline \(\to\) Diazonium Salt \(\to\) Phenol.

🔢 No-Calculator Hacks

Speed
log 2 = 0.30 | log 3 = 0.47
log 5 = 0.70 | log 7 = 0.84

⚠️ 1 Joule = 0.239 calories.
1 Faraday = 96500 C.

🎨 The Color Bank

d-Block
Cu²⁺ (Blue)
Ni²⁺ (Green)
MnO₄⁻ (Purple)
Cr₂O₇²⁻ (Orange)
Fe³⁺ (Yellow)

📝 IUPAC Rules Summary

1. Longest chain first.
2. Suffix Priority: -COOH > -SO3H > -COOR > -COCl > -CONH2 > -CN > -CHO > -CO > -OH > -NH2.

🚫 The Mistake Bucket (Blunders to Avoid)

Ishu, ye galtiyan bache aksar karte hain. Dhyan rakhna! ❤️

❌ Physical Blunders

1. Temperature: Always convert Celsius to **Kelvin** (\(T+273\)).
2. Units: Check if \(R\) is in Joules or L-atm. Density me \(a^3\) ko \(cm^3\) me hi rakhna.

❌ Organic Blunders

1. Reagents: Don't skip catalysts (like dry ether, anhy. AlCl3).
2. Mechanism: Don't forget arrows in reaction mechanisms—marks cut hote hain!